Highlighted rows mark unique substrate predictions not shared by standard MOND.
Comparison of framework predictions for tidal dwarf galaxy dynamics. Green checks indicate consistency with observations; red crosses indicate conflict or absence. The substrate framework matches all observed TDG properties with zero free parameters (8/8), while also making two unique predictions — $a_0$ redshift evolution and epoch-dependent formation efficiency (highlighted rows) — not shared by standard MOND. ΛCDM fails on every TDG prediction because TDGs are dark-matter-free by formation, yet show the same gravitational anomalies as normal galaxies. Standard MOND succeeds on 6 of 8 predictions but lacks a mechanism for $a_0$ evolution, which the substrate derives from cosmological density scaling: $a_0(z) = a_0(0)(1+z)^{3/2}$.