u u d Up quark orbital systems Co-rotating, ~2.16 MeV bare mass each entrains dc₁ substrate Down quark orbital system Co-rotating, ~4.7 MeV bare mass Heavier, different orbit topology Counter-rotating boundaries ~929 MeV of rotational energy The "gluon field" in QCD Confinement boundary Counter-rotating shell Too energetic to breach Central vortex junction Where all three orbits interlock Topologically protected Co-rotating quark orbits (~1% of mass) Counter-rotating boundaries (~99% of mass) Proton interior (~0.87 fm radius, ~938.3 MeV/c² total)